Description of GHK-Cu
The human copper-binding peptide GHK-Cu (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) is a naturally occurring tri-peptide found in human plasma and released from tissues during injury. Discovered in 1973, GHK-Cu has established itself as a extensively studied protective and regenerative compound, widely used in skin and hair products. In research and cosmetic contexts, GHK-Cu has been associated with tightening loose skin, repairing protective skin barrier proteins, and improving skin firmness, elasticity, and clarity. It has been studied in relation to fine lines, wrinkles, and photodamage, and smoothing rough skin. Additionally, GHK-Cu has been investigated for its role in wound healing, protection of skin cells from UV radiation, reduction of inflammation and free radical damage, and enhancement of hair growth and thickness. Its effects are largely attributed to its ability to bind copper(II) ions, playing a crucial role in copper metabolism. Recent research, utilizing the Connectivity Map from the Broad Institute, has shown that GHK-Cu can up- and down-regulate numerous human genes, linking its biological effects to changes in gene expression.
Further research on GHK-Cu reveals its presence in human blood plasma, urine, and saliva. Animal studies indicate that GHK-Cu can significantly influence wound healing, immune function, and skin health by stimulating collagen production, promoting blood vessel growth, and supporting fibroblast activity.
Now we would like to bring you closer to the effects of the peptide, which have been researched and confirmed in studies.
[3]
Overview of Published Research
1. GHK-Cu and Skin Healing
GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a naturally occurring peptide in human plasma, saliva, and urine that declines with age. Known for its extensively researched protective and regenerative properties, GHK-Cu has been shown to accelerate wound healing and skin repair by stimulating the synthesis and breakdown of collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and other extracellular matrix components. It modulates the activity of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, promoting the healing of various tissues such as skin, hair follicles, and bones. In cosmetic products, GHK-Cu has been studied in the context of tightening loose skin, improving elasticity and firmness, reducing fine lines, wrinkles, and hyperpigmentation, and enhancing overall skin appearance. Additionally, it has been investigated for potential relevance to conditions like skin inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and metastatic colon cancer, owing to its ability to regulate thousands of human genes, with observed effects on resetting DNA expression patterns.
Recent studies have highlighted GHK-Cu's role in modulating key growth factors involved in wound healing and skin regeneration. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and insulin growth factor (IGF) are crucial in these processes, with GHK-Cu shown to decrease IGF-2-dependent TGF-β1 secretion in dermal fibroblasts, potentially preventing hypertrophic scar formation. Furthermore, GHK-Cu encapsulated in liposomes has been demonstrated to accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, enhancing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factors, and improving the overall healing process. These findings underscore the peptide's potential as a subject of further research in skin regeneration and wound healing.
[1] - [4]
2. GHK-Cu and Bacteria
In vitro studies have highlighted the promising antimicrobial activity of Gly-His-Lys conjugates as candidates for further research into skin and tissue infections. These studies explored novel compounds, including fatty acid conjugates with modified Gly-His-Lys sequences. The antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds ranged from strong to moderate. Notably, compound 1d exhibited the most potent activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC ranges of 31.3–125.0 μg/mL and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC ranges of 375.0–500.0 μg/mL. Conjugate 5b showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at MIC ranges of 250.0–500.0 μg/mL and 62.5–125.0 μg/mL, respectively. Both 1d and 5b demonstrated rapid bactericidal effects against Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, compounds 1d, 1e, and 2e showed notable antifungal activity.
A multicenter, randomized, evaluator-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex (lamin Gel) in treating diabetic neuropathic ulcers. Patients adhered to a standardized wound care protocol, including sharp debridement, daily drug application, pressure-relieving footwear, and diabetes management education. Treatment with lamin Gel significantly improved ulcer closure rates, achieving a median area closure of 98.5% compared to 60.8% for the control group. The rate of closure was three times faster with lamin Gel, particularly for larger ulcers (greater than 100 mm²), which showed an 89.2% closure compared to -10.3% for the control. Immediate treatment post-debridement was crucial for optimal results. Additionally, the incidence of ulcer infections was significantly lower in the lamin Gel group (7%) compared to the control (34%).
An experimental study on the effects of topical glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine tripeptide-copper complex (TCC) on ischemic open wounds in rats further supported the observed activity of GHK-Cu. Rats treated with TCC showed a significant decrease in wound area compared to control and vehicle groups. By day 13, the TCC group exhibited a 64.5% reduction in wound area, outperforming the vehicle (45.6%) and control (28.2%) groups. TCC-treated wounds also had significantly lower concentrations of TNF-alpha and MMP-2 and MMP-9, indicating reduced inflammation and enhanced healing. These findings suggest that TCC could be of research interest as an approach for chronic wounds in various species, including humans.
Overall, GHK-Cu has shown notable results in research models of diabetic ulcers and ischemic open wounds compared to standard care alone. Its combination with certain fatty acids creates a potent antimicrobial compound with activity against bacteria and fungi, with observed reductions in infection rates and acceleration of wound healing. These findings warrant further research evaluation of GHK-Cu in the context of wound care.
[5] - [7]
3. GHK-Cu in Cognition and Nervous System
Neurodegeneration, characterized by the progressive death of neurons and cognitive decline, is a growing concern among senior populations, with limited effective research approaches available. One compound of research interest is the human peptide GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine), a copper-binding peptide known for its diverse biological actions that have been studied in the context of aging-related diseases and conditions. GHK has shown effects on various tissues, including chondrocytes, liver cells, and human fibroblasts, as documented in research. Importantly, studies using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map have demonstrated that GHK can modulate gene expression, with observed effects on resetting pathological patterns toward healthier states.
In research focused on the nervous system, GHK has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in models of neurodegenerative diseases and improved tissue regeneration. A study on rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) revealed that GHK pretreatment significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced brain water content, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. The peptide's effects were mediated through the downregulation of miR-339-5p expression, which was found to be part of the p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, GHK's influence on the miR-339-5p/VEGFA axis played a crucial role in preventing neuronal apoptosis following ICH injury. These findings suggest that GHK could represent a novel area of research investigation for conditions like ICH.
GHK-Cu, a variant of the peptide found in high concentrations in the brain, has been studied for its ability to counteract age-associated decline in neuron function. Research indicates that GHK-Cu influences angiogenesis in the nervous system, nerve outgrowth, and central nervous system inflammation. It appears to reset pathological gene expression, with observed effects on restoring function in dysfunctional systems. In rat models, GHK-Cu's neuroprotective effects were evident through improved neurological deficits, reduced brain swelling, and inhibition of neuron death. These effects were particularly notable in the context of overexpression of miR-339-5p following brain injuries such as bleeds and strokes, underscoring GHK-Cu's potential as a research subject in the context of neurodegeneration.
[8], [9]
4. GHK-Cu and Side Effects of Chemotherapy
GHK peptide shows promise in inhibiting bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing the TGF-β1/Smad-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Pulmonary fibrosis, an irreversible and progressive lung disease, lacks effective treatments. It occurs after therapy with bleomycin – cancer drug. GHK, a tripeptide known for its role in tissue regeneration and wound healing, was tested for its effects on bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Mice were administered GHK intraperitoneally at various doses following bleomycin instillation. Results demonstrated that GHK treatment reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved collagen deposition, and balanced MMP-9/TIMP-1 levels. It also decreased TNF-α, IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and myeloperoxidase activity in lung extracts. GHK further inhibited TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, and IGF-1 expression, indicating its potential as a subject of further research in pulmonary fibrosis by targeting the TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 and IGF-1 pathways.
GHK-Cu, the copper-bound form of the peptide, also exhibits protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. GHK-Cu treatment reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production by inhibiting NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK signaling in LPS-induced macrophages and ALI models. This treatment alleviated lung histological alterations and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration, demonstrating GHK-Cu's potential as a novel research subject for ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by mitigating excessive inflammatory responses.
Research highlights the observed activity of GHK-Cu in protecting lungs from fibrosis following bleomycin therapy, suggesting its potential interest as a chemotherapy adjuvant research subject to investigate increased medication doses without exacerbating side effects. GHK-Cu regulates inflammatory molecules TNF-α and IL-6, with observed effects on fibrotic remodeling and collagen deposition in the lungs. Similarly, GHK-Cu showed notable findings in mouse models of ARDS, reducing TNF-α and IL-6 expression, and demonstrating a protective effect against this rapid and potentially fatal inflammatory lung condition. These findings support further research into GHK-Cu in the context of various lung injuries and diseases.
[10], [11]
5. GHK-Cu and Pain Reduction
GHK-Cu exhibits promising analgesic and anti-aggressive effects in rat models, particularly in response to pain-induced aggressive-defensive behavior. Administered intraperitoneally in doses ranging from 5 to 150 μg/kg, GHK-Cu demonstrated significant pain relief and reduction in aggressive behavior in a foot-shock model. The key to these effects lies in the L-lysine residue within the GHK peptide, as similar analgesic and anti-aggressive effects were observed with L-lysine administration at equivalent doses.
Furthermore, the peptide's activity extends to interactions with L-arginine, another amino acid with analgesic properties. Research has shown that combining arginine with glyprolines to form specific peptides can produce intrinsic regulatory effects on pain and aggression. This suggests that GHK-Cu and related peptides could be investigated as potential non-addictive research alternatives in the context of pain management, alongside opiate medications and NSAIDs, which are known for their potential side effects, including negative impacts on cardiovascular health. These findings highlight the research interest of GHK-Cu in pain-related studies, opening a potential avenue for developing safer pain relief approaches.
[12], [13]
References
- L. Pickart, J. M. Vasquez-Soltero, and A. Margolina, "GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration," BioMed Res. Int., vol. 2015, p. 648108, 2015. [BioMed Research International]
- A. Gruchlik, E. Chodurek, and Z. Dzierzewicz, "Effect of GLY-HIS-LYS and its copper complex on TGF-β secretion in normal human dermal fibroblasts," Acta Pol. Pharm., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 954–958, Dec. 2014. [PubMed]
- L. Pickart and A. Margolina, "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data," Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 19, no. 7, Jul. 2018. [PubMed]
- X. Wang et al., "GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis," Wound Repair Regen. Off. Publ. Wound Heal. Soc. Eur. Tissue Repair Soc., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 270–278, 2017. [PubMed]
- M. Kukowska, M. Kukowska-Kaszuba, and K. Dzierzbicka, "In vitro studies of antimicrobial activity of Gly-His-Lys conjugates as potential and promising candidates for therapeutics in skin and tissue infections," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 542–546, Feb. 2015. [Science Direct]
- G. D. Mulder et al., "Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper," Wound Repair Regen. Off. Publ. Wound Heal. Soc. Eur. Tissue Repair Soc., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 259–269, Oct. 1994. [PubMed]
- S. O. Canapp et al., "The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds," Vet. Surg. VS, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 515–523, Dec. 2003. [PubMed]
- L. Pickart, J. M. Vasquez-Soltero, and A. Margolina, "The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline," Brain Sci., vol. 7, no. 2, Feb. 2017. [PubMed]
- H. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Z. He, "Glycine-Histidine-Lysine (GHK) Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis Due to Intracerebral Hemorrhage via the miR-339-5p/VEGFA Pathway," Front. Neurosci., vol. 12, p. 644, 2018. [PubMed]
- X.-M. Zhou et al., "GHK Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice by Suppressing TGFβ1/Smad-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition," Front. Pharmacol., vol. 8, p. 904, 2017. [PubMed]
- J.-R. Park, H. Lee, S.-I. Kim, and S.-R. Yang, "The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice," Oncotarget, vol. 7, no. 36, pp. 58405–58417, Sep. 2016. [PubMed]
- L. А. Sever'yanova and M. E. Dolgintsev, "Effects of Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys in Pain-Induced Aggressive-Defensive Behavior in Rats," Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 140–143, Dec. 2017. [Springer]
- L. А. Sever'yanova and D. V. Plotnikov, "Binding of Glyprolines to L-Arginine Inverts Its Analgesic and Antiagressogenic Effects," Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 165, no. 5, pp. 621–624, Sep. 2018. [PubMed]
